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Plans of Mitsubishi Ki-57 'Topsy' (2 of 2)
Mitsubishi Ki-57
From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
| Ki-57 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| MC-20-I, with a nickname Asagumo (morning cloud), used by Asahi Shimbun | |
| Role | Transport aircraft Paratroop transport Passenger aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Limited) |
| Design group | Mitsubishi Jukogyo KK Design Team |
| First flight | August 1940 |
| Introduction | 1942 |
| Primary user | Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Imperial Japanese Airways |
| Produced | 1940–1945 |
| Number built | 406 |
| Developed from | Mitsubishi Ki-21 |
The Mitsubishi Ki-57 was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the Ki-21 bomber, during the early 1940s.
THE FIRST OF THE FEW: WWII Airplanes
Helicopters and autogyros
Hellcat, USS Saratoga 1943
WWII Aircraft Facts
No matter how one looks at it, these are incredible statistics. Aside from the figures on aircraft, consider this statement from the article: On average 6600 American service men died per MONTH, during WWII (about 220 a day). Most Americans who were not adults during WWII have no understanding of the magnitude of it. This listing of some of the aircraft facts gives a bit of insight to it.
276,000 aircraft manufactured in the US .
43,000 planes lost overseas, including 23,000 in combat.
14,000 lost in the continental U.S.
The US civilian population maintained a dedicated effort for four years, many working long hours seven days per week and often also volunteering for other work. WWII was the largest human effort in history.
Statistics from Flight Journal magazine.
THE COST of DOING BUSINESS
—- The staggering cost of war.
THE PRICE OF VICTORY (cost of an aircraft in WWII dollars)
B-17 $204,370. P-40 $44,892.
B-24 $215,516. P-47 $85,578.
B-25 $142,194. P-51 $51,572.
B-26 $192,426. C-47 $88,574.
B-29 $605,360. PT-17 $15,052.
P-38 $97,147. AT-6 $22,952.
PLANES A DAY WORLDWIDE
From Germany ‘s invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939 and ending with Japan ‘s surrender Sept. 2, 1945 — 2,433 days. From 1942 onward, America averaged 170 planes lost a day.
How many is a 1,000 planes? B-17 production (12,731) wingtip to wingtip would extend 250 miles. 1,000 B-17s carried 2.5 million gallons of high octane fuel and required 10,000 airmen to fly and fight them.
THE NUMBERS GAME
9.7 billion gallons of gasoline consumed, 1942-1945.
107.8 million hours flown, 1943-1945.
459.7 billion rounds of aircraft ammo fired overseas, 1942-1945.
7.9 million bombs dropped overseas, 1943-1945.
2.3 million combat sorties, 1941-1945 (one sortie = one takeoff).
299,230 aircraft accepted, 1940-1945.
808,471 aircraft engines accepted, 1940-1945.
799,972 propellers accepted, 1940-1945.
WWII MOST-PRODUCED COMBAT AIRCRAFT
Ilyushin IL-2 Sturmovik 36,183
Yakolev Yak-1,-3,-7, -9 31,000+
Messerschmitt Bf-109 30,480
Focke-Wulf Fw-190 29,001
Supermarine Spitfire/Seafire 20,351
Convair B-24/PB4Y Liberator/Privateer 18,482
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 15,686
North American P-51 Mustang 15,875
Junkers Ju-88 15,000
Hawker Hurricane 14,533
Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 13,738
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 12,731
Vought F4U Corsair 12,571
Grumman F6F Hellcat 12,275
Petlyakov Pe-2 11,400
Lockheed P-38 Lightning 10,037
Mitsubishi A6M Zero 10,449
North American B-25 Mitchell 9,984
Lavochkin LaGG-5 9,920
Note: The LaGG-5 was produced with both water-cooled (top) and air-cooled (bottom) engines.
Grumman TBM Avenger 9,837
Bell P-39 Airacobra 9,584
Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar 5,919
DeHavilland Mosquito 7,780
Avro Lancaster 7,377
Heinkel He-111 6,508
Handley-Page Halifax 6,176
Messerschmitt Bf-110 6,150
Lavochkin LaGG-7 5,753
Boeing B-29 Superfortress 3,970
Short Stirling 2,383
Sources: Rene Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific war Cajus Bekker, The Luftwaffe Diaries Ray Wagner, American Combat Planes Wikipedia.
According to the AAF Statistical Digest, in less than four years (December 1941- August 1945), the US Army Air Forces lost 14,903 pilots, aircrew and assorted personnel plus 13,873 airplanes — inside the continental United States. They were the result of 52,651 aircraft accidents (6,039 involving fatalities) in 45 months.
Think about those numbers. They average 1,170 aircraft accidents per month—- nearly 40 a day. (Less than one accident in four resulted in totaled aircraft, however.)
It gets worse…..
Almost 1,000 Army planes disappeared en route from the US to foreign climes. But an eye-watering 43,581 aircraft were lost overseas including 22,948 on combat missions (18,418 against the Western Axis) and 20,633 attributed to non-combat causesoverseas.
In a single 376 plane raid in August 1943, 60 B-17s were shot down. That was a 16 percent loss rate and meant 600 empty bunks in England . In 1942-43 it was statistically impossible for bomber crews to complete a 25-mission tour in Europe .
Pacific theatre losses were far less (4,530 in combat) owing to smaller forces committed. The worst B-29 mission, against Tokyo on May 25, 1945, cost 26 Superfortresses, 5.6 percent of the 464 dispatched from the Marianas .
On average, 6,600 American servicemen died per month during WWII, about 220 a day. By the end of the war, over 40,000 airmen were killed in combat theatres and another 18,000 wounded. Some 12,000 missing men were declared dead, including a number “liberated” by the Soviets but never returned. More than 41,000 were captured, half of the 5,400 held by the Japanese died in captivity, compared with one-tenth in German hands. Total combat casualties were pegged at 121,867.
US manpower made up the deficit. The AAF’s peak strength was reached in 1944 with 2,372,000 personnel, nearly twice the previous year’s figure.
The losses were huge—but so were production totals. From 1941 through 1945, American industry delivered more than 276,000 military aircraft. That number was enough not only for US Army, Navy and Marine Corps, but for allies as diverse as Britain , Australia, China and Russia . In fact, from 1943 onward, America produced more planes than Britain and Russia combined. And more than Germany and Japan together 1941-45.
However, our enemies took massive losses. Through much of 1944, the Luftwaffe sustained uncontrolled hemorrhaging, reaching 25 percent of aircrews and 40 planes a month. And in late 1944 into 1945, nearly half the pilots in Japanese squadrons had flown fewer than 200 hours. The disparity of two years before had been completely reversed.
Experience Level:
Uncle Sam sent many of his sons to war with absolute minimums of training. Some fighter pilots entered combat in 1942 with less than one hour in their assigned aircraft.
The 357th Fighter Group (often known as The Yoxford Boys) went to England in late 1943 having trained on P-39s. The group never saw a Mustang until shortly before its first combat mission.
A high-time P-51 pilot had 30 hours in type. Many had fewer than five hours. Some had one hour.
With arrival of new aircraft, many combat units transitioned in combat. The attitude was, “They all have a stick and a throttle. Go fly `em.” When the famed 4th Fighter Group converted from P-47s to P-51s in February 1944, there was no time to stand down for an orderly transition. The Group commander, Col. Donald Blakeslee, said, “You can learn to fly `51s on the way to the target.
A future P-47 ace said, “I was sent to England to die.” He was not alone. Some fighter pilots tucked their wheels in the well on their first combat mission with one previous flight in the aircraft. Meanwhile, many bomber crews were still learning their trade: of Jimmy Doolittle’s 15 pilots on the April 1942 Tokyo raid, only five had won their wings before 1941. All but one of the 16 copilots were less than a year out of flight school.
In WWII flying safety took a back seat to combat. The AAF’s worst accident rate was recorded by the A-36 Invader version of the P-51: a staggering 274 accidents per 100,000 flying hours. Next worst were the P-39 at 245, the P-40 at 188, and the P-38 at 139. All were Allison powered.
Bomber wrecks were fewer but more expensive. The B-17 and B-24 averaged 30 and 35 accidents per 100,000 flight hours, respectively– a horrific figure considering that from 1980 to 2000 the Air Force’s major mishap rate was less than 2.
The B-29 was even worse at 40 the world’s most sophisticated, most capable and most expensive bomber was too urgently needed to stand down for mere safety reasons. The AAF set a reasonably high standard for B-29 pilots, but the desired figures were seldom attained.
The original cadre of the 58th Bomb Wing was to have 400 hours of multi-engine time, but there were not enough experienced pilots to meet the criterion. Only ten percent had overseas experience. Conversely, when a $2.1 billion B-2 crashed in 2008, the Air Force initiated a two-month “safety pause” rather than declare a “stand down”, let alone grounding.
The B-29 was no better for maintenance. Though the R3350 was known as a complicated, troublesome power-plant, no more than half the mechanics had previous experience with the Duplex Cyclone. But they made it work.
Navigators:
Cadet To Colonel:
Perhaps the greatest unsung success story of AAF training was Navigators. The Army graduated some 50,000 during the War. And many had never flown out of sight of land before leaving “Uncle Sugar” for a war zone. Yet the huge majority found their way across oceans and continents without getting lost or running out of fuel — a stirring tribute to the AAF’s educational establishments.
It was possible for a flying cadet at the time of Pearl Harbor to finish the war with eagles on his shoulders. That was the record of John D. Landers, a 21-year-old Texan, who was commissioned a second lieutenant on December 12, 1941. He joined his combat squadron with 209 hours total flight time, including 2� in P-40s. He finished the war as a full colonel, commanding an 8th Air Force Group — at age 24.
As the training pipeline filled up, however those low figures became exceptions.
By early 1944, the average AAF fighter pilot entering combat had logged at least 450 hours, usually including 250 hours in training. At the same time, many captains and first lieutenants claimed over 600 hours.
FACT:
At its height in mid-1944, the Army Air Forces had 2.6 million people and nearly 80,000 aircraft of all types.
Today the US Air Force employs 327,000 active personnel (plus 170,000 civilians) with 5,500+ manned and perhaps 200 unmanned aircraft.
The 2009 figures represent about 12 percent of the manpower and 7 percent of the airplanes of the WWII peak.
List of World War II military aircraft of Germany
This list covers aircraft of Nazi Germany that served in the Luftwaffe during the Second World War as defined by the years 1939 to 1945. Number designations are largely by the RLM designation system, although in this list they are partially organized by manufacturer and role.
The Luftwaffe of the Third Reich officially existed from 1933� training for a German air force had been going on as early as the 1920s, before the Nazis came to power. The first list attempts to focus on the more significant aircraft that participated in the main part of the war. The second is a more all-encompassing list to include the time before, although projects are not covered.
Captured aircraft also have a list. Internal projects of manufacturers are not listed, nor are many prototypes. A list of aircraft of the period from 1933� can be found at list of RLM aircraft designations in the form of the Reich Aviation Ministry's list of aircraft. Planes from all branches are currently listed.
A plane's number was usually related to its RLM designation and sometimes to its manufacturer (foreign ones with captured aircraft). The RLM-GL/C designations are not all correct and sometimes are used twice. The RLM would sometimes reassign numbers. Some pre-1933 aircraft just used their company names, etc. The Aircraft names are the most common names. Other key data are sometimes listed afterward. See RLM aircraft designation system for a full explanation of the RLM system.
[edit]Primary aircraft
This list does not primarily include projects, prototypes or captured aircraft but consists mostly of the most common aircraft of the German Luftwaffe that participated in the Second World War. A full list of project aircraft and captured aircraft can be found at list of RLM aircraft designations in the form of the Reich Aviation Ministry's list of aircraft.
- | Arado Ar 96 | Arado Ar 196 | Arado Ar 232 | Arado Ar 234 | Arado Ar 240 | Blohm und Voss BV 222
- Dornier Do 17 | Dornier Do 18 | Dornier Do 24 | Dornier Do 215 | Dornier Do 217 | Dornier Do 335 | Focke-Wulf Fw 190 | Focke-Wulf Fw 200 | Focke-Wulf Ta 152 | Focke-Wulf Ta 154 | Gotha Go 244 | Heinkel He 46 | Heinkel He 59 | Heinkel He 60 | Heinkel He 111 | Heinkel He 114 | Heinkel He 115 | Heinkel He 162 | Heinkel He 177 | Heinkel He 219 | Henschel Hs 126 | Henschel Hs 129
- Junkers Ju 52 | Junkers Ju 86 | Junkers Ju 87 | Junkers Ju 88 | Junkers Ju 90 | Junkers Ju 188 | Junkers Ju 252 | Junkers Ju 290 | Junkers Ju 388 | Messerschmitt Bf 109 | Messerschmitt Bf 110 | Messerschmitt Me 163 | Messerschmitt Me 210 | Messerschmitt Me 262 | Messerschmitt Me 321 | Messerschmitt Me 323 | Messerschmitt Me 410
[edit]German military aircraft, 1919�
While the Luftwaffe was not public until 1935, it had been in development in secret since the 1920s, and many aircraft made in the inter-war years were used during World War II.
Japanese Aircraft of WWII
Preliminary discussions regarding a heavily armed high-altitude fighter were held between the Koku Hombu and Tachikawa Hikoki KK in mid-1942. At that time the Japanese Army wanted to obtain a fighter fitted with a pressure cabin and capable of reaching a top speed of 800 km/h (497 mph) and having a maximum range of 3,000 km (1,864 miles). As these performance requirements were rather stringent, the Koku Hombu decided to instruct Tachikawa to proceed with the design of the aircraft while they placed a contract with Nakajima for another high-altitude fighter with a less stringent range requirement. The aircraft proposed by Tachikawa, which received the designation Ki-94 (later Ki-94-I), was of highly unconventional design. The aircraft was a large twin-boom monoplane powered by two 2,200 hp Mitsubishi Ha-211 Ru eighteen-cylinder air-cooled radials which were mounted fore and aft of the pilot's cockpit and drove four-blade tractor and pusher propellers. Proposed armament included two 37 mm (1.46 in) Ho-203 cannon and two 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-105 cannon, and a maximum speed of 780 km/h (485 mph) at 10,000 m (32,810 ft) was anticipated. A full-size wooden mock-up was completed late in 1943, but development of the aircraft was discontinued as the Technical Department of the Koku Hombu judged the project too complex and its calculated performance unduly optimistic.
Soon after, Tachikawa submitted a new proposal designed to meet the same requirements as the competitive Nakajima Ki-87. The new aircraft was a single-engined single-seat high-altitude fighter of conventional design with laminar-flow wings and featuring a pressure cabin mounted in the fuselage behind the wing trailing edges. The aircraft was to be powered by a fan-cooled turbosupercharged 2,400 hp Nakajima [Ha-44] 12 eighteen-cylinder radial, rated at 2,450 hp for take-off, 2,350 hp at 1,100 m (3,610 ft), 2,200 hp at 4,400 m (14,453 ft) and 2,040 hp at 11,000 m (36,090 ft), and driving a six-blade propeller, and the wing-mounted armament was to include two 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-105 cannon and two 20 mm (0.79 in) Ho-5 cannon. The proposal was accepted by the Koku Hombu which ordered one static test airframe, three prototypes and eighteen pre-production aircraft under the designation Ki-94-II. The first Ki-94-II was scheduled for completion on 20 July, 1945, but eventually was completed two weeks behind schedule. The six-blade propeller planned for the Ki-94-II was not ready in time, and it was decided to begin testing of the first prototype on 18 August, 1945, by temporarily fitting a four-blade airscrew. A second prototype, intended to be fitted with the six-blade propeller, was under construction, but the end of the war prevented it from being completed, while the first aircraft was still being readied for its intended maiden flight three days later.
Technical Data
Manufacturer: Tachikawa Hikoki KK (Tachikawa Aeroplane Co Ltd).
Type: Single-engined high-altitude fighter.
Crew (1): Pilot in pressurised cockpit.
Powerplant: One 2,400 hp Nakajima [Ha-44] 12 eighteen-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, driving a (1st prototype) four-blade or (planned production aircraft) six-blade constant-speed metal propeller.
Armament: two wing-mounted 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-105 cannon and two wing-mounted 20 mm (0.79 in) Ho-5 cannon. External stores: one 500 kg (1,102 lb) bomb.
Dimensions: Span 14 m (45 ft 11 3/16 in) length 12 m (39 ft 4 7/16 in) height 4.65 m (15 ft 3 1/16 in) wing area 28 sq m (301.388 sq ft).
Weights: Empty 4,690 kg (10,340 lb) loaded 6,450 kg (14,220 lb) wing loading 230.4 kg/sq m (37.2 lb/sq ft) power loading 2.6 kg/hp (5.8 lb)/hp).
Performance: Maximum speed 712 km/h (442 mph) at 12,000 m (39,370 ft) cruising speed 440 km/h (273 mph) at 9,000 m (29,530 ft) climb to 10,000 m (32,810 ft) in 17 min 38 sec service ceiling 14,680 m (48,170 ft) range 2,100 km (1,305 miles).
Production: One prototype competed by Tachikawa Hikoki KK in August 1945.
Зміст
В грудні 1938 року дві японські авіакомпанії «Японський авіатранспорт» і «Міжнародні авіалінії Японії» злились в одну — «Японські авіалінії». В новій компанії авіапарк був доволі різношерстий і складався з імпортних і виготовлених за ліцензією Douglas DC-2, Douglas DC-3 і Lockheed 14 [en] , а також цілого ряду японських транспортних літаків міжвоєнного періоду. Тому одним з перших цілей авіакомпанії стало отримання сучасного транспортного літака від місцевих виробників. Цей літак планувалось використовувати на міжнародних трасах, тому його характеристики мали відповідати світовому рівню, на який вже вийшли японські військові літаки. Оскільки вже створений Mitsubishi Ki-21 демонстрував характеристики (швидкість, дальність польоту, навантаження) які відповідали очікуванням компанії, було вирішено звернутись саме до Mitsubishi.
В серпні 1939 року, майже відразу після того як «Японські авіалінії» були знову реорганізовані в «Імперські японські авіалінії» і отримали велику підтримку уряду, почалась розробка нового літака під керівництвом Кеносуке Одзава. Попередній проєкт літака зацікавив також військових, яким був потрібен десантний та штабний літак. Тому проектування літака було вирішено продовжити із врахуванням вимог Імперської армії Японії. Літак мав перевозити 11 пасажирів та 300 кг вантажу на дальність 1400 км при швидкості 300 км/г на висоті 2000-4000 м. Максимальна дальність польоту з комерційним вантажем мала становити 2000 км, без вантажу — 3000 км. Екіпаж мав складатись з 4 осіб, а злітна маса — не більше 7900 кг. [1] .
Транспортний літак зберіг від Ki-21-I крило, хвостову частину фюзеляжу, шасі та силову установку. Фюзеляж був спроектований заново, ставши тепер низькопланом, 11 пасажирів розміщувались в двох рядах по двох сторонах фюзеляжу. Перший літак піднявся у повітря у серпні 1940 року. Льотні випробування пройшли успішно оскільки більшість агрегатів були вже протестовані. Ситуацію не погіршила навіть аварія четвертого прототипу, яка відбулась в грудні 1940 року коли під літак розбився в Токійській затоці поблизу Тіба. До кінця року обидва варіанти були запущені в серійне виробництво: цивільний під назвою MC-20-I, військовий — «Армійський транспортний літак Тип 100 Модель 1» (або Ki-57-I). Невелика кількість літаків була передана Імперському флоту Японії, де вона отримала позначення «морський транспортний літак Тип 0 Модель 11» (або L4M1). [1]
В березні 1941 року на озброєнні опинилась нова модифікація бомбардувальника — Ki-21-II і Mitsubishi почало переносити застосовані покращення і на транспортній версії. Проте замість двигунів Mitsubishi Ha-101 були використані менш потужні Mitsubishi Ha-102 потужністю 1080 к. с., також хоча гондоли двигуна були перероблені, люки шасі не закривались. Нова модифікація транспортного літака була готова в травні 1942 року. Вона отримала назву MC-20-II (цивільний варіант), та «Армійський транспортний літак Тип 100 Модель 2» (або Ki-57-II) — військовий варіант. [2]
Загалом на заводах Mitsubishi було виготовлено 101 літака Ki-57-I (і MC-20-II) і 406 Ki-57-II (і MC-20-II). В 1944 році планувалось також почати виробництво літака на заводах Kokusai, але цього не вдалось зробити. [2] Останній літак зійшов з конвеєра в грудні 1945 року [3] .
- Ki-57-I («Армійський транспортний літак Тип 100 Модель 1») — оснащений двигунами Nakajima Ha-5 KAI потужністю 950 к.с.
- MC-20-I — цивільний варіант Ki-57-I
- Ki-57-II («Армійський транспортний літак Тип 100 Модель 2») — оснащений двигунами Mitsubishi Ha-102 потужністю 1 080 к.с.
- MC-20-II — цивільний варіант Ki-57-II
- L4M1 («Морський транспортний літак Тип 0») — варіант Ki-57-I на озброєнні Імперського флоту Японії
Воєнне використання Редагувати
Літаки Ki-57 використовувались як транспортні, зв'язкові та для перевезення десантників, а цивільний варіант — для перевезення пасажирів. Частина цивільних літаків також залучалась для військових перевезень. Союзники стикались з ним на всіх театрах війни на Тихому океані.
Найвідомішою операцією, в якій взяли участь Ki-57, була висадка десантників на аеродром та нафтопереробний завод в околицях Палембанга 14 лютого 1942 року. В той час Японія отримувала 40 % нафти саме з Суматри. 9 лютого з затоки Камрань [en] була відправлена морська десантна експедиція, але існувала загроза що союзники знищать нафтопереробні заводи до її прибуття. Тому було вирішено використати повітряний десант, для цього було залучено 1-й десантний полк, який 14 лютого вилетів з Кахангу [en] і Клуанг [en] . Сам десант відбувався після бомбардування аеродрому, після чого з висоти 200 м було синуто 260 десантників. Після декількох сутичок союзники відступили. Паралельно 100 десантинків було скинуто над нафтопереробними заводами, де опір був значно сильніший і завод був захоплений тільки наступно дня, і союзники так і не встиги знищити заводи. 15 лютого десантникам були надіслані підкріплення і було захоплено саме місто. Тої ночі також нарешті прибув морський десант і японські війська повністю закріпили свої позиції. [5]
Цивільне використання Редагувати
Після закінчення бойових дій MC-20/Ki-57 використовувались під контролем союзників до 10 жовтня 1945 року, оскільки союзницькі бомбардування сильно зашкодили наземним комунікаціям, після чого всі польоти японських літаків були припинені. [3]
Після закінчення війни трофейні Ki-57 використовувались в Китаї та Радянському Союзі. За відгуками радянського пілота В.Вінницького, який багато літав на цьому літаку, і одного разу возив на ньому Мао Цзедуна, MC-20 був найкращим літаком у своєму класі, явно переважаючи Лі-2 та C-47.
Дані з Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War [6] і The Mitsubishi Ki-21 [7]
World War II Database
Even if a pilot knows the full designation of an aircraft such as Aichi D3A1 Navy Type 99 Carrier Bomber Model 11, he might wish to have a short, simple and unmistakable name, especially when he is in combat with it!
In the second half of 1942, a colorful set of code names was developed in the Southwest Pacific Theater by the Air Technical Intelligence Unit (ATIU) of the Allied Air Forces in Australia. The head of the unit, Captain Frank T. McCoy Jr. was from Nashville, Tennessee, and the first few code names were hillbilly names such as ZEKE, NATE, PETE, JAKE and RUFE, as they were simple, short and distinctive. The basic system spread rapidly, and by late 1942, was adopted for use by both the USAAF and USN. In general, the code names were assigned using the following system, although several exceptions exist:
Basis of the Allied Code Names Scheme
| Code Name Type | Assigned to Aircraft Type |
|---|---|
| Male names | Fighters (both Army and Navy, single or multi-engined) and Reconnaissance seaplanes |
| Female names | Bombers (including attack and dive-bombers), Reconnaissance planes (land or carrier-based), Flying boats and Transports (transport names began with "T") |
| Tree names | Training aircraft |
| Bird names | Gliders |
Thus, the example Aichi given above became simply VAL in the Pacific code name system. As we learned more about the various models of each type, the Japanese model number was often attached to the code name, as in ZEKE 32 for the A6M3 Type 0 Carrier Fighter Model 32 "Zero".
Obviously, these code names were much easier to remember and say for Allied airmen and thus, even today, discussions of the Pacific war are filled with names such as BETTY, PETE, OSCAR, KATE and TONY.
List of Japanese Army and Navy Aircraft and their Code Names
Aircraft marked with a single asterisk (*) were fictional, and did not exist. Those with a double asterisk (**) were identified as more than one type, i.e. they are duplicated in the list. This list is extracted and edited from Mikesh's Japanese Aircraft Code Names & Designations.
| Service | Japanese Military Designation | Japanese Manufacturer Designation | American Code Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Navy | Type 1 Target Plane | Kugisho MXY4 | |
| Army | Type 2 Advanced Trainer | Manshu Ki-79 | |
| Navy | Type 2 Training Fighter | Mitsubishi A5M4-K | |
| Navy | Type 2 Training Flying-Boat | Aichi H9A1 | |
| Army | Type 5 Fighter | Kawasaki Ki-100 | |
| Army | Type 97 Fighter * | Mitsubishi | ABDUL |
| Navy | Type 97 Seaplane Fighter * | Nakajima | ADAM |
| Navy | Type 94 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Kawanishi E7K | ALF |
| Army | Type 97 Light Bomber | Mitsubishi Ki-30 | ANN |
| Army | Type 97 Command Reconnaissance Plane | Mitsubishi Ki-15 | BABS |
| Navy | Type 98 Reconnaissance Plane | Mitsubishi C5M | BABS |
| Army | Navy Suicide Attacker Ohka | Yokosuka MXY7 | BAKA |
| Navy | Type 90-2 Flying-Boat | Kawanishi H3K1 | BELLE |
| Type 98 Medium Bomber * | Heinkel He 111 | BESS | |
| Navy | Type 1 Attack Bomber | Mitsubishi G4Ml/G4M6 | BETTY |
| Navy | Type 1 Formation Escort Fighter | Mitsubishi G6M1 | BETTY |
| Navy | Type 1 Attack Bomber Trainer | Mitsubishi G6Ml-K | BETTY |
| Navy | Type 1 Transport | Mitsubishi G6M1-L2 | BETTY |
| Navy | Type 97 Reconnaissance Seaplane * | Aichi | BOB |
| Army | Type 95-3 Primary Trainer | Tachikawa Ki-17 | CEDAR |
| Navy | Type 99 Flying-Boat | Kugisho H5Y | CHERRY |
| Tachikawa Ki-70 | CLARA | ||
| Navy | Type 96 Carrier Fighter | Mitsubishi A5M | CLAUDE |
| Army | Type 97 Fighter ** | Nakajima (See NATE) | CLINT |
| Navy | Type 2 Primary Trainer Momiji | Kyushu K9W1 | CYPRESS |
| Army | Type 4 Primary Trainer | Kokusai Ki-86 | CYPRESS |
| Navy | Type 95 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Nakajima E8N1 | DAVE |
| Navy | Type S Two-seat Fighter | Seversky A8V1 | DICK |
| Army | Type 100 Command Reconnaissance Plane | Mitsubishi Ki-46 | DINAH |
| Army | Type 100 Tactical Pilot Trainer | Mitsubishi Ki-46-II KAI | DINAH |
| Army | Type 100 Interceptor Fighter | Mitsubishi Ki-46-III KAI | DINAH |
| Navy | Type 1 Dive Bomber * | Nakajima (See JUDY) | DOT |
| Tachikawa Ki-71 | EDNA | ||
| Navy | Type 2 Flying-Boat | Kawanishi H8K | EMILY |
| Navy | Navy Bomber/Navy Night Fighter | Yokosuka P1Y | FRAN |
| Navy | Navy Bomber/Navy Night Fighter | Yokosuka P1Y | FRANCES |
| Army | Type 4 Fighter Hayate | Nakajima Ki-84 | FRANK |
| Army | Type 4 Special Transport Glider | Kokusai Ku-8 | GANDER |
| Navy | Navy Interceptor Fighter | Kawanishi N1K-J | GEORGE |
| Navy | Type 0 Small Reconnaissance Seaplane | Kugisho E14Y1 | GLEN |
| Army | Type 4 Special Transport Glider** | Kokusai Ku-8 (GANDER) | GOOSE |
| Navy | Navy Carrier Attack Bomber | Aichi B7A | GRACE |
| Army | Type 0 Medium Bomber ** | Mitsubishi (See SALLY) | GWEN |
| Navy | Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Aichi E10A1 | HANK |
| Army | Type 0 Single-seat Twin-engine Fighter * | Mitsubishi | HARRY |
| Army | Type 100 Heavy Bomber Donryu | Nakajima Ki-49 | HELEN |
| Army | Type 1 Advanced Trainer | Tachikawa Ki-54a | HICKORY |
| Army | Type 1 Operations Trainer | Tachikawa Ki-54b | HICKORY |
| Army | Type 1 Transport | Tachikawa Ki-54c | HICKORY |
| Army | Type 98 Direct Co-operation Plane | Tachikawa Ki-36 | IDA |
| Army | Type 99 Advanced Trainer | Tachikawa Ki-55 | IDA |
| Navy | Type 98 Bomber Float Plane * | Aichi | IONE |
| Navy | Type 2 Land Based Reconnaissance Plane | Nakajima J1N1-C | IRVING |
| Navy | Type 2 Gekko (Night Fighter) | Nakajima J1N1-S | IRVING |
| Navy | Navy Interceptor Fighter | Mitsubishi J2M | JACK |
| Navy | Type 0 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Aichi E13A1 | JAKE |
| Army | Type 97 Heavy Bomber ** | Mitsubishi (See SALLY) | JANE |
| Navy | Type 96 Carrier Attack Bomber | Kugisho B4Yl | JEAN |
| Navy | Type He Interceptor Fighter | Heinkel A7He1 (He 112B-0) | JERRY |
| Navy | Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber | Nakajima B6N2 | JILL |
| Army | Type 1 Single-seat Fighter ** | Kawasaki (See OSCAR) | JIM |
| Navy | Type 99 Four-engine Flying Boat * | JOAN | |
| Army | Type 1 Light Bomber * | Nakajima (See EVE) | JOYCE |
| Navy | Type 2 Carrier Reconnaissance Plane | Kugisho D4Yl-C | JUDY |
| Army | Type 97 Medium Bomber * | Kawasaki | JULIA |
| Navy | Type 99 S.E. Dive Bomber Seaplane ** | Aichi (See JAKE) | JUNE |
| Navy | Type 97-1 and 97-3 Carrier Attack Bomber | Nakajima B5N1 & 2 | KATE |
| Navy | Type 98 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Aichi E11A1 | LAURA |
| Army | Type 99 Twin-engine Light Bomber | Kawasaki Ki-48 | LILY |
| Navy | Navy Experimental 13-Shi Attack Bomber | Nakajima G5N | LIZ |
| Navy | Navy Patrol Plane | Kyushu Q1W | LORNA |
| Army | Type 93-2 Twin-engine Light Bomber | Mitsubishi Ki-2-II | LOUISE |
| Navy | Navy Experimental 17-Shi Interceptor | Mitsubishi J4M | LUKE |
| Navy | Type 97-2 Carrier Attack Bomber | Mitsubishi B5M1 | MABEL |
| Army | Type 98 Light Bomber | Kawasaki Ki-32 | MARY |
| Navy | Type 97 Flying Boat | Kawanishi H6K | MAVIS |
| Type 98 Showa Light Bomber * | Vultee V-11GB | MILLIE | |
| Navy | Navy Carrier Reconnaissance Plane | Nakajima C6N | MYRT |
| Army | Type 97 Fighter | Nakajima Ki-27 | NATE |
| Navy | Type 96 Attack Bomber | Mitsubishi G3M | NELL |
| Army | Type 2 Two-seat Fighter Toryu | Kawasaki Ki-45 KAI | NICK |
| Navy | Type 2 High-speed Recon. Seaplane Shiun | Kawanishi El5Kl | NORM |
| Type 97 Light Bomber * | Mitsubishi | NORMA | |
| Navy | Type 2 Intermediate Trainer | Kyushu K10W1 | OAK |
| Army | Type 1 Fighter Hayabusa | Nakajima Ki-43 | OSCAR |
| Tachikawa Ki-74 | PAT | ||
| Tachikawa Ki-74 | PATSY | ||
| Navy | Navy Reconnaissance Seaplane | Aichi E16A | PAUL |
| Army | Type 4 Heavy Bomber Hiryu | Mitsubishi Ki-67 | PEGGY |
| Army | Type 4 Special Attack Plane | Mitsubishi Ki-67-I KAl | PEGGY |
| Army | Type 95 Fighter | Kawasaki Ki-10 | PERRY |
| Navy | Type 0 Observation Seaplane | Mitsubishi F1M1 | PETE |
| Navy | Type 90 Operations Trainer | Mitsubishi K3M1 | PINE |
| Army | Type 4 Assault Plane (See note) | Kawasaki Ki-102b | RANDY |
| Navy | Type 1 Single-seat Fighter ** | Mitsubishi (See ZEKE) | RAY |
| Navy | Navy Fighter Seaplane | Kawanishi N1K | REX |
| Navy | Navy Type 18 Land Based Attack Aircraft | Nakajima G8N | RITA |
| Navy | Type 2 Fighter Seaplane | Nakajima A6M2-N | RUFE |
| Army | Type I Heavy Bomber | Fiat B.R.20 | RUTH |
| Army | Type 97 Heavy Bomber | Mitsubishi Ki-21 | SALLY |
| Navy | Navy Experimental Carrier Fighter | Mitsubishi A7M | SAM |
| Navy | Type 96 Carrier Fighter ** | Mitsubishi (See CLAUDE) | SANDY |
| Navy | Type 96 Reconnaissance Seaplane | Watanabe E9W | SLIM |
| Army | Type 99 Assault Plane/Tactical Recon. | Mitsubishi Ki-51 | SONIA |
| Army | Type 95-1 Intermediate Trainer | Tachikawa Ki-9 | SPRUCE |
| Army | Type 3 Command Liaison Plane | Kokusai Ki-76 | STELLA |
| Navy | Type 96 Carrier Bomber | Aichi D1A2 | SUSIE |
| Navy | Type 0 Transport | Douglas DC-3 L2D2/5 | TABBY |
| Navy | Type D Transport | Douglas DC-3 | TABBY |
| Army | Douglas DC-2 | TESS | |
| Army | Type 1 Freight Transport | Kawasaki Ki-56 | THALIA |
| Army | Type LO Transport | Lockheed 14 | THELMA |
| Army | Type 1 Transport | Kokusai Ki-59 | THERESA |
| Army | Type 97 Transport | Nakajima Ki-34 | THORA |
| Navy | Type 97 Transport | Nakajima L1N1 | THORA |
| Navy | Type 96 Transport | Kugisho L3Y | TINA |
| Army | Type 2 Single-seat Fighter Shoki | Nakajima Ki-44 | TOJO |
| Army | Type 3 Fighter Hien | Kawasaki Ki-61 | TONY |
| Army | Type 100 Transport | Mitsubishi Ki-57 | TOPSY |
| Navy | Type 0 Transport | Mitsubishi L4M1 | TOPSY |
| Navy | Type 99 Carrier Bomber | Aichi D3A | VAL |
| Navy | Type 93 Intermediate Trainer | Kugisho K5Y | WILLOW |
| Navy | Type 0 Carrier Fighter | Mitsubishi A6M | ZEKE |
